1861: Revenge For Elmer Ellsworth

When Col. Elmer E. Ellsworth, commanding officer of the 11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment ("Ellsworth's New York City Fire Zouaves"), was killed by innkeeper James Jackson on May 24, 1861 after hauling down a large Confederate flag at the Marshall House in Alexandria, VA, the killing of Jackson was only the beginning of the revenge for Ellsworth.  Union troops ransacked the Marshall House and stole most, if not all, of the hotel's furniture.

In Phillipsburg, on May 25, The Ellsworth Company of mounted riflemen, also known as The Ellsworth Guards, was created for the Warren County militia.  The ladies of Phillipsburg made a silk flag for the Ellsworth Guards. 

The 44th New York Volunteer Infantry was soon called Ellsworth's Avengers or People's Ellsworth Regiment.  Zouaves in the 44th added brass letters "P E R" to their caps. 

When Col. Ellsworth was killed, Lieutenant William Mathews, stepson of Belvidere Intelligencer publisher Franklin Pierce Sellers, was present in Company K of the Zouaves.  Two more Belvidere men were later present   for a subsequent incident involving Jackson's mother.  On October 12, 1861, the 4th Pennsylvania Veteran Reserve Regiment  was in the area of Prospect Hill, VA.  In that regiment were Corporal Thomas A. H. Knox and his life-long friend Corporal Andrew A. Neal.

The Easton Daily Express reprinted a Philadelphia newspaper report on the incident.  The report stated, "The farm and homestead of Mrs. Jackson,  mother of the assassin of the brave Col. Ellsworth, is two miles beyond our pickets, within rebel lines and three miles from Prospect Hill.  On last Saturday morning [October 12], Capt. George B. Keller, of Monroe County, PA, of the Fourth Regiment of the Pennsylvania Reserve, crossed the bridge, beyond where the turnpike had been closed with large trees, and beyond any of our cavalry pickets.  It was he, one of the most gallant in the army, who thwarted the movements of this troublesome She-Rebel.  At first, she talked loudly of secession, and said the rebels could never be whipped, and boasted that her son, who shot Ellsworth, was buried on her premises.  Before sunrise next morning, Gen. McCall sent a body of cavalry and infantry to arrest Mrs. Jackson and her mother.  Passing through our lines, she exclaimed, 'My God! I never saw so many soldiers in all my life!'  Captain Keller commands one of the best companies in the service, and is one of the bravest officers."  

Copyright 1997-2011: Jay C. Richards

May 24, 1861: Death of Col. Elmer Ellsworth

Elmer Ephraim Ellsworth was born on April 11, 1837.  He grew up in Mechanicville, New York before moving to New York City.  In 1854, he moved to Rockford, Illinois.  In 1860, he read (studied) the law and clerked in Abraham Lincoln's law office.    He assisted in Lincoln's presidential election campaign and moved into the White House with the Lincoln family in 1861.   

In 1857, Ellsworth became the drillmaster for the Rockford Greys militia company.  He later assisted in the training of militia units in Wisconsin before moving to Chicago to become the colonel of the National Guard Cadets, which he reorganized as the United States Zouave Cadets and took on tour of cities throughout the US.   President Lincoln was unsuccessful in creating a Department of Militia, which Ellsworth could command so Ellsworth moved to New York City to create the First New York City Fire Zouaves (11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment).  Among the Zouaves were Lieutenant William Mathews, of Belvidere, in Company K, and 14 year old Jacob H. Cole, of Paterson, in Company A.

Ellsworth's Fire Zouaves arrived in Washington, DC on May 2, 1861 and set up Camp Lincoln on the lawn of the White House.    On May 23, the commonwealth of Virginia voted to secede from the Union and join the Confederate States of America.  On May 24, President Lincoln looked out a White House window and spotted a large Confederate flag flying over Alexandria, Virginia.  Ellsworth volunteered to tear down the flag.

The night before going to Alexandria, Ellsworth wrote a letter to his parents, "The regiment is ordered to move across the river to night.  We have no means of knowing what reception we are to meet with.  I am inclined to the opinion that our entrance to the city of Alexandria will be hotly contested, as I am just informed a large force have arrived there today.  Should this happen, my dear parents, it may be my lot to be injured in some manner.  Whatever does happen, cherish the consolation that I was engaged in the performance of a sacred duty; and to night, thinking over the possibilities of to-morrow, and the occurrences of the past, I am perfectly content to accept whatever my fortune may be, confident that He who noteth even the fall of a sparrow will have some purpose even in the fate of one like me.  My darling and ever loved parents, good by, God bless, protect and care for you. Elmer"

Col. Ellsworth led the Fire Zouaves across the Potomac River to Alexandria (the North's first invasion of the South).  Jacob Cole recalled in his 1906 book, Under Five Commanders, "We were early assembled and marched to the Potomac River, and taking boats, we floated down the river until we were opposite Alexandria, Virginia, where we made a landing.  Shortly after landing, and while marching through the streets of the city, Colonel Ellsworth saw a large Confederate flag flying from the roof of the Marshall House." 

Ellsworth detailed some of his men to capture the railroad station and the telegraph office.  He then march his men to the Marshall House.  Cole recalled, " The colonel, accompanied by some of his regiment, ascended the stairs to the roof and hauled down the flag. when coming down the stairs, folding the flag, he was met by [innkeeper James] Jackson, who, without warning, deliberately shot and killed Colonel Ellsworth.  Hardly had he committed the cowardly act when he was shot and killed by Sergeant Brownell [actually Corporal Francis E. Brownell, of Troy, NY]."  Corp. Brownell was awarded the Medal of Honor for killing Jackson.  

According to newspaper reports, Jackson pointed a double barrel shotgun at Brownell first, and Brownell struck the gun with his musket.  Jackson pulled the trigger as the shotgun was parried by Brownell. The shot hit Ellsworth between the third and fifth ribs.  Ellsworth hit the floor exclaiming "My God...!" and then died.  Brownell leveled his musket at Jackson and fired. The musket ball struck Jackson on the bridge of his nose and smashed through his skull, killing him instantly.  As Jackson fell, Brownell thrust his bayonet into Jackson.  The Zouaves who accompanied Ellsworth held back the lodgers as they ran toward the bodies.  

Ellsworth's body was taken to the Navy Yard in Washington, D.C., where Mary Todd Lincoln visited the body on behalf of her husband.  President Lincoln ordered Ellsworth to be brought to the White House by an honor guard so he could lie in state in the East Room.  Corp. Brownell was a member of the Honor Guard.  

Jackson's body was taken to Fairfax, VA for a funeral.  Union troops later ransacked the Marshall House, stealing all the furniture.

On May 25, a new militia company was formed in Phillipsburg.  The company was a cavalry or mounted rifle company attached to the Warren Brigade.  The name of the new militia company was The Ellsworth Company.

In Belvidere, Captain Phineas B. Kennedy, 1st Lieutenant Calvin James and 2nd Lieutenant Richard T. Drake enrolled 100 men for the new Belvidere Infantry Company, of the Warren Brigade. 

    

Copyright 1997-2011: Jay C. Richards

  

May 1861: Capt. Campbell Joins Third NJ

On April 30, 1861, Captain Edward L. Campbell, of Belvidere, and his Warren Guards had returned to Belvidere from Trenton after finding the quotas for the four NJ three months militia units had been filled.  On May 3, the State called for three-year enlistments in the newly created 1st, 2nd, and 3rd NJ Volunteer Infantry Regiments. 

Lt. Colonel Robert McAllister, of Oxford Furnace, had enlisted a number of Warren County men in the 1st NJV Regiment.   Campbell enlisted a smaller number of men for the 3rd NJV Regiment. 

The following Warren County men joined the 3rd NJ Volunteer Infantry: Company E: Campbell, Nelson Easton, George W. Freeman, Dr. John V. Mattison, James McKinney, George I. Miller, Henry D. Neimeyer, Archibald Nimmo, William Penn Robeson, Jr., Nehemiah Tunis, and George F. Zink, all of Belvidere; Phineas Ely, of Phillipsburg; and Thomas Edwards.

Warren County men assigned to other companies in the 3rd NJ were: Company C: Joseph Smith , of Belvidere; Company D: David Bonnell, of Blairstown; Adam Drake and Daniel Drake, of Allamuchy Township; Ira C. France, of Jacksonburg; David M. Price and William A. Price, of Hackettstown; and Watson Tillman, of Marksboro;  Company G: John C. Wiggins, of Belvidere; and Company I: Benjamin White, of Hope.

In August 1861, Campbell was commissioned captain of Company E. 

On May 20, 1861, 25-year old Lt. Andrew Hiram Ackerman, of the Belvidere Zouave Company, left Belvidere to enlist as a private in Company I, 2nd NJ Volunteer Infantry in Newark.   Ackerman had joined Campbell's Warren Guards on April 18  and went to Trenton with Campbell and his men to enlist in the three months militia regiments on April 29.  He was elected lieutenant of the Belvidere Zouave Company on May 1, but he was impatient to join a New Jersey regiment slated for federal service. 

Although there were enlistment quotas set for each municipality in New Jersey, Warren County was able to fill most of the quotas without having to resort to a draft until late in the war.  There was one instance where Oxford Township, faced with the drafting of men needed in the iron mines and at the furnaces, paid the fee to buy out the draft status of all the township men on the draft list.  

Most of the men of Warren County enlisted throughout the war to "Save the Union" or to "Go See the Elephant" - which was period slang for high adventure, facing death or seeing the world.

Copyright 1999-2011: Jay C. Richards

Zouaves

The more colorful, and strange, units to be raised by men of the North and South were the Zouaves [pronounced "Zwahvs"].  In the early days of the war Zouave units were the most popular because of their fancy and bright colored uniforms, modeled after the uniforms worn by French Algerian troops known as Zouaves. 

There were more Union Zouave units than Confederate Zouaves. In the Union Army there were: 17 regiments from New York, 11 from Pennsylvania, 8 from Wisconsin, 7 from Ohio, 3 from Massachusetts, 2 from Illinois, 2 from Indiana, 1 from Kentucky, 1 from Missouri, 1 from Michigan, 1 from Kansas, 1 from Maine, 1 from Rhode Island, 1 from the District of Columbia, and 2 from New Jersey [the 33rd and 35th NJ Volunteer Infantry Regiments].  In New York, Company K of the 69th New York Infantry [New York's "Fighting Irish"] was also a Zouave unit, known as "The Irish Zouaves" or "Meagher's Zouaves."  There were many more Zouave units in states' militias, like the Belvidere Zouave Company of 1861.  

In the South, two better-known Zouave units were the Company B of 1st Special Battalion Louisiana Infantry and the Charleston Zouave Cadets Company of the 1st South Carolina Regiment of Rifles.  The Louisiana Zouaves were better known as the "Tiger Rifles" or the "Louisiana Tigers" or "Wheat's Tigers" [honoring their commander, Roberdeau Wheat].

The Zouave craze in the United States started with Elmer Ellsworth's United States Zouave Cadets.  The Zouave Cadets dressed in fancy French-style uniforms and combined gymnastics with military drill.  In 1860, Ellsworth took his Zouave Cadets on tour of 19 eastern cities, including New York City. Ellsworth challenged militia and regular army units to try to beat the Zouave Cadets in drilling, but no one tried. 

Journalists of the period as well as some historians in later years have noted Zouave units varied in the quality of their uniforms and in the quality of their men.  Some historians have noted Zouave units tended to attract "an unstable element of society." Billy Wilson's Zouaves [6th NY Vol. Infantry] had shoddy uniforms and a reputation of being "notoriously inefficient."  The Anderson Zouaves [62nd NY Vol. Infantry], also know as the "Advanced Zoos" or "Zou-Zous", were infamous for their shoddy uniforms and thievery.  However, Collis Zouaves [114th Penna. Vol. Infantry] wore uniforms of French material and were known for their imposing appearance and military efficiency.  The Halleck Infantry [146th NY Vol. Infantry] was also an excellent Zouave unit. 

On July 25, 1861, the Hackettstown Gazette & Warren Democrat published a satirical report of life among Ellsworth's Zouaves, written by someone calling himself "Q. K. Philander Doesticks, B.P."  The report was entitled, "The New Zouave Tactics." 

The report stated, "Now, the Zouaves are all very well; the fellows who join just to have the privilege of wearing red trousers and jackets with shiny buttons on, under the idea that this is all there is of a soldier's life, will most likely find themselves slightly mistaken.  We want nobody in our corps who isn't strong, well-built, and able-bodied; for we expect, when the fighting really does commence, that we shall have to do the most of it and the hardest of it -- so you fellows who have sent us word that you are coming may think better of it, and either stay at home, or get well up in your gymnastics before you show yourselves in Washington. Why you'd hardly believe it, but we had forty recruits offered last Saturday, and there were more than half of them couldn't lift a thousand pounds apiece, three of them couldn't jump but twenty-eight feet high, five of them couldn't throw the commonest double somersault without taking off their knapsacks and laying down their muskets, and one fellow presented himself who positively couldn't walk on his hands and carry his sword-bayonet between his toes. Such lamentable ignorance of the very first requirements of Zouave practice can hardly be believed.

"We are getting along pretty well in our drilling now, and we ought soon to be proficient; for we had twenty-one hours drill a day for the past three weeks.  We get along speedily in our peculiar tactics for the application of gymnastics to military purposes.

"Ellsworth has introduced some entirely new features into his system.  For instance, every man has now to carry, strapped to his knapsack, a small plate of boiler iron, about the size of an old fashioned dripping pan.  These plates are ball proof and are used in making what we call a 'Zouave Fort.' This ingenius structure is formed in this way: rows of men stand on the ground in the required outline of the fort; other fellows stand on their shoulders, and all , as they stand side-by-side, interlock their plates of boiler iron, so as to form a ball-proof surface toward the enemy.  Embrasures and loopholes are left at their proper intervals of course.  Columbiads and rifled cannon are at once mounted in the embrasures, and the rifle corps take their station at the loopholes, and in a few minutes we can pepper our enemy all to pieces.  [Columbiads, or Paixbams, were very large seige cannon.]

"Sometimes we mount a few barbette guns on the shoulders of the men in the top row; but we had rather not do this, as it exposes the gunners, and holding six rows of men with thir arms, ammunition, and fort-plates, with three heavy guns, is considered enough of a load for the lower row of men to carry, without the extra weight of the barbette guns.  As it is, some of the lower row of fellows have to hold a weight of two tons and a half, which they can do for five hours without flinching.  At the end of that time, however, the Colonel finds that he must give his fort a lunch, or else it begins to get weak in the lower story.

"You can see at once the tremendous advantage of having a fort that you can erect in four minutes in the very teeth of the enemy -- a fort that can't be stormed, and that can be taken down and set up in another place the very instant the enemy brings any heavy guns to bear on it.  We are training a set of men now  for the lower story, who shall be be able to run with the new fashioned edifice on their backs for the distance of a mile and a half.  Imagine the utter astonishment of an enemy at seeing a strong fort deliberately pick itself up, and with a hurrah, run over into the very heart of their lines, and there open its batteries on them at a yard-and-a-half distance.  Imagine the consternation of a storming party, on getting their scaling ladders all ready with a determined rush over the walls of a fort to see that fort suddenly drop all to pieces, and each particular stone transform itself into a stalwart soldier with a sword-bayonet in his hands, a pair of revolvers in his belt, and a long knife between his teeth.  And then imagine, if such a thing be possible, one regiment surrounded by a crowd of exulting enemies aforesaid to see the 'lambs' instantly make themselves into a fort, and announce themselves ready to hold out against a fortnight's seige.

"Very well, these are just the things we hope soon to do.  That your readers may have an idea of the style of drill we go through, I'll tell you.  We get up at two in the morning, and have somersault drills for two hours by squads, then by companies, and then we form into regimental line, and turn fourteen somersaults forward, and fourteen backward, to the tap of the drum, keeping exact time loading and firing revolving rifles at a target as we go forward, and firing at another target as we go back, with a revolver in each hand.  If any balls are found more than an inch and a half from center, the man is discovered and put on columbiad guard for the day; this means keeping guard with two ten-inch columbiads tied across his shoulders.

"After somersault drill, we have jumping and firing in the air by platoons for two hours.  At the word of command, the platoon jumps thirty feet straight up, firing at an object fifty yards in advance, the instant they reach the extreme altitude.  This sort of practice the Colonel thinks will be remarkably useful in firing at an enemy concealed behind breastworks.  Then we have breakfast.  Each man's breakfast is put in his haversack, and hung round his neck, and he has thirty mnutes allowed him to eat it in -- during that time he must run five miles and walk two miles and a half, jumping thirty-seven ditches, each forty-six feet, four inches wide.  The we have fort drill for six hours; then one hour for dinner, which is eaten while each man is standing on his head.  Then two hours of running, during which time each man is expected to accomplish from thirty to fifty miles, according to the weight he carries.  A man who runs light, with only his knapsack, rifle, ammunition, and his tent, must do his fifty miles; but the fellows who carry the ordnance are let off a few miles.  A man with a mountain howitzer must run forty-seven and a half miles. A fellow with a full-sized brass six pounder has to get over his thirty-nine miles, while the half dozen men who carry our six heavy columbiads are let off with thirty miles.

"Then we have a few hours of general gymnastics and feats of strength, the principle ones of which are 'pitching the howitzer' and 'putting up the columbiads.'  Some of our men can pitch an old six pounder, we have for that purpose, three quarters of a mile and a few rods over.  There is not a man in the regiment who can't put up a ten-inch columbiad in each hand like a pair of dumb bells.  After gymnastics, we have our new fort drill till midnight, when we are detailed for guard and 'gallows duty.'  This last is another new feature of the Ellsworth tactics.  It is an invention for the benefit of secessionists.  In case of a capture of spies or other vermin, seven men are detailed to form a gallows, which they do in the following manner: three fellows stand on each other's shoulders for one post; three other fellows stand on each other's shoulders for the other post; then one very tall Zouave lays himself across the shoulders of the top men for the beam; then they reeve a rope through the waistband of the beam's trousers, and hang the spy in the most approved style.  It is estimated that this kind of gallows will be very useful in a sandy country, where there are no trees to hang your prisoners to.

"By this slight account, you will perceive that if you are going to send any new Zouave recruits, they must be men of the right sort.  After one month from today, the Colonel won't take any man who can't lift two tons and a half, run twenty-seven miles without stopping for breath, jump over an ordinanry two-story house, and swim a mile under water.  It would be better, also, for him to have some preliminary practice in our new way of repelling a charge of cavalry, which is to disarm your dragoon, tie his legs under his horse's belly with a sword belt, and then take him, horse and all, under your arms and run to the rear with him.  If you've got any men of this sort, you may send them along early, for we have still, for such fellows, a few more places left.

"I got time to write this letter, having been excused from drill by the Colonel on account of Simpson's dropping the eleven-inch columbiad on my left big toe this morning.  Simpson always was a clumsy rascal.  Fiercely, Q. K. Philander Doesticks, B.P." 

Copyright 1999-2011: Jay C. Richards

    

May 1861: Warren Brigade of NJ Reserve Militia

In May 1861, the three months militia regiments from New Jersey and Pennsylvania traveled by train to Washington, D. C.  to defend the federal capital.  Colonel Elmer Ellsworth and his Fire Zouaves marched through Baltimore on their way to Washington on May 2.  Among the Zouaves were Lt. William Mathews, of Belvidere, in K Company and 14-year old Jacob H. Cole, of Paterson, in A Company.   Not all of the Zouaves had been issued firearms so the regiment formed a hollow square with officers and unarmed men in the center as they marched through Baltimore.  The Zouaves were aware that the 6th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment had been attacked by a mob eleven days earlier.  There were no attacks on the Zouaves who marched to Washington to set up camp on the lawn of the White House, the home of Ellsworth's friend Abraham Lincoln. The Zouaves called the White House lawn "Camp Lincoln."

In May, the Warren Brigade began to enlist county residents and train them for the reserve militia.  The Warren Brigade Board met in William R. Brocaw's Warren House hotel [now the Masonic Lodge] in Belvidere.  The following were elected officer of the Warren Brigade: William M. Warne, Judge Advocate; John Seagreaves, colonel of 1st Regiment; John Scherrer, major of 1st Battalion, 1st Regt.; William Carhart, major of 2nd Battalion, 1st Regt.; George W. Tunis, major of 1st Independent Battalion; John Loller, colonel of 2nd Regiment; Zadock Loller, major of 2nd Independent Battalion; William Everett, major of 1st Battalion, 2nd Regt.; Amos H. Drake, major of Warren County Cavalry Squadron; George H. Beatty, Brigade Inspector; and James Davidson, Brigadier General.  

The 1st Regiment was composed of men from Phillipsburg, Phillipsburg Township [now Lopatcong Township]   as well as men from Greenwich, Harmony and Franklin Townships.  The 2nd Regiment was composed of men from Washington, Mansfield Township, Hackettstown, Independence Township and Frelinghuysen Township.  A 3rd Regiment was later created for men from Pahaquarry, Hardwick, Blairstown, Knowlton, Hope and Oxford Townships and Belvidere.

Warren County authorized the raising of $100,000 to pay the county's share of the interest on New Jersey's $2 million war loan and to support the families of volunteers.  The NJ Legislature had authorized the counties to pay a share of the State's war loan, and Warren County's share was a total of $4,308.05. 

In Belvidere, many of the original members of Capt. Edward Campbell's Warren Guards had enlisted in state volunteer units   so a second Warren Guards company was created in May under the command of Captain George Washington Tunis, 1st Lieutenant Anthony A. Heminover, and 2nd Lieutenant Lycidius Hamilton.  By the time of the July 4, 1861 parade, there were 30 enlisted men within the ranks of the Warren Guards.  The uniform of the Warren Guards was a blue fatigue cap, red fireman's shirt and gray trousers.

The Belvidere Infantry Company was created by Captain Phineas B. Kennedy, 1st Lieutenant Calvin T. James, and 2nd Lieutenant Richard T. Drake.  This company later created the nucleus of I Company, 31st NJ Volunteer Infantry Regiment in 1862.  The following non-commissioned officers were elected in May: 1st Sergeant Joshua Brokaw, Sgt. William Fisher, Sgt. Henry Cummins, Sgt. Edward T. Kennedy, Corporal Charles Wade, Corp. E. S. Young, Corp. John Person, Corp. George Fox, and Quartermaster Israel Harris.  Dr. Samuel C. Clark was elected Surgeon.  There were 64 enlisted men in the company by the time of the July 4, 1861 parade.  The uniform of the Belvidere Infantry was a blue fatigue cap, red fireman shirt, and white trousers.

The Belvidere Cornet Band accompanied the Belvidere Infantry during its marches and parades.  the uniform of the Belvidere Cornet Band was a blue cap, navy blue frock coat, and sky blue trousers.

 The Belvidere Zouave Company was the Belvidere militia company about which the least is known.  The company was organized in by Captain Robert Carhart, Lt. Andrew Hiram Ackerman (a member  of the original Warren Guards), and Orderly (Sgt.) Reuben Phillips.  [The uniform pictured in this author's blog profile is the Belvidere Zouave officer's uniform.]  There were 25 enlisted men in the Zouaves in May 1861.  The Belvidere Zouaves enlisted men wore a red kepi, dark blue roundabout coats with red collars and red zoauve trimmings, gray trousers, and leather leggings. 

In Asbury, the Musconetcong Rifle Guards company was formed. Officers elected were: Captain William Davis, 1st Lieutenant Richard E. Martin, 2nd Lieutenant Ephraim Waters, and Ensign Anthony Lunger (of Hunterdon County).  The company consisted of 50 enlisted men by June 1861 and was attached to the 3rd Regiment, Warren Brigade.

 Asbury's second company was the Musconetcong Guards was commanded by Captain George B. Hoffman, of Asbury; 1st Lieutenant Andrew Jackson Mutchler, of Phillipsburg; and 2nd Lieutenant Frederick Lunger, of South Asbury.  The company was assigned to the 1st Regiment, Warren Brigade and would later form the nucleus of H Company, 8th NJ Vol. Infantry Regt. 

In Phillipsburg, the Ellsworth Guards company of 1st Regiment, Warren Brigade was commanded by Captain James G. Draney, 1st Lieutenant John W. Pullman, and 2nd Lieutenant Henry Cooper.  The Warren Light Infantry Company  of the 1st Regiment was commanded by Captain John K. Small, 1st Lieutenant Enoch G. Prall, and 2nd Lieutenant Lewis Saphar.  The Warren Troop of Cavalry  was commanded by Captain Samuel L. Shimer, 1st Lieutenant William S. Kase, and 2nd Lieutenant Abraham O. S. Winter.

In Stewartsville, the Union Rifle Guards Company, 1st Regiment, Warren Brigade, was formed by Captain John W. Dean, 1st Lieutenant Thaddeus G. Price, 2nd Lieutenant William K. Tilton, and Ensign Alfred G. Weller. 

Copyright 1997-2011: Jay C. Richards